Current Issue : October - December Volume : 2019 Issue Number : 4 Articles : 6 Articles
Fleas that infest pets are considered important parasites of both animals and\nhumans. These insects cause irritation and can also transmit zoonotic diseases.\nResearch has led to a rapid expansion in the development of flea control\nproducts. In the face of a market that offers dozens of commercial ectoparasiticides\nfor dogs and cats, pet owners and veterinarians must be provided with\nevidence to support their decision to select a product to control fleas. To\ncompare the efficacy of three commercially available products against companion\nanimal fleas, a trial was conducted on naturally-infested dogs in order\nto validate their pulicidal activity. Thirty-two flea-infested dogs with fleas\nwere divided into 4 groups (n = 8) for each treatment. Group 1 received one\npipette of permethrin as a spot-on dose of 650 mg/ml. The second group received\n9.7% fipronil as a spot-on formulation. Group 3 was treated with a\nspot-on formulation of permethrin 7.40% plus piperonyl butoxide at 7.40%.\nGroup 4 remained as the untreated control. Fleas of all experimental dogs\nwere examined and counted on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 to determine the\npercentage of flea reduction. Results showed a 100% efficacy for all tested\nproducts. Identified species were: Ctenocephalides felis (75.7%), Ctenocephalides\ncanis (15.9%) and Pulex irritans (9.5%). Based on these results, it was\nconcluded that the three anti-flea products evaluated under the conditions of\nthis study, produced an excellent efficacy as from the third day after treatment....
Background: Duck viral hepatitis (DVH) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting ducks. It can be caused by five\nagents, including duck hepatitis A virus genotypes 1 (DHAV-1), 2 (DHAV-2), and 3 (DHAV-3), as well as duck hepatitis\nvirus 2 and duck hepatitis virus 3. Since 2007, DHAV-3 has been known to be the most prevalent in East and South\nAsia. So far, the information regarding the propagation of DHAV-3 in cultured cells is limited. In this study, we\ndescribe the comparative studies on the growth properties of DHAV-3 in primary duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells\nusing two different strains: a virulent strain C-GY and an attenuated strain YDF120. The effect of fetal calf serum\n(FCS) and chick serum (CS) on DHAV-3 replication and the mechanism of the inhibitory effect conferred by FCS\nwere also investigated.\nResults: Following serial passages, both C-GY and YDF120 failed to produce cytopathic effect and plaques. The\ncombined quantitative real-time PCR and indirect immunofluorescence staining methods showed that the two\nviruses could be propagated productively in DEF cells. Investigation of the viral growth kinetics revealed that the\ntwo viruses replicated in DEF cells with similar efficiencies, while the viral load of the virulent C-GY strain peaked\nmore rapidly when compared with the attenuated YDF120 strain. Neutralization assay and time-of-drug-addition\nstudy indicated that FCS displayed inhibitory effect on DHAV-3 replication. Analysis on the mechanism of action of\nFCS against DHAV-3 demonstrated that the inhibitory effect was reflected at three steps of the DHAV-3 life cycle\nincluding adsorption, replication, and release.\nConclusions: Both virulent and attenuated DAHV-3 strains can establish noncytocidal, productive infections in DEF\ncells. The virulent strain replicates more rapidly than the attenuated strain in early infection period. FCS has an\ninhibitory effect on DHAV-3 replication, which may be attributed to action of a non-specific inhibitory factor present\nin FCS directly on the virus. These findings may provide new insights into the development of potential antiviral\nagents....
Birth is one of the most important events of animal production agriculture, as newborns\nare abruptly forced to adapt to environmental and nutritional disruptions that can lead to oxidative\ndamage and delay in growth. Taurine (Tau) is an important regulator of oxidative stress and possesses\ngrowth-enhancing properties. In the present study, we investigated the effects of dietary Tau\nsupplementation in gilts during late gestation and lactation on the growth performance of piglets\nby assessing intestinal morphology and barrier function, and oxidative stress status. Sixteen gilts\nwere randomly allocated to the Con (basal diet) and Tau (basal diet with 1% Tau) groups from 75 d of\ngestation to weaning. Maternal dietary Tau supplementation significantly increased weaning weight\nand average daily gain weight in piglets. Piglets in the Tau group had higher villus height and villus\nheight-to-crypt depth ratio (VCR), ZO-1 protein expression, and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)\ncontent in the jejunum. Meanwhile, Tau bebeficial aected the milk quality of gilts, as indicated\nby decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and increased total superoxide dismutase\n(T-SOD), total antioxidative capability (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT)\nactivity. Furthermore, Tau supplementation increased T-SOD activity in plasma and SOD2 protein\nexpression in the jejunum in the piglets. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that dietary\nTau supplementation to gilts improves growth performance in piglets, owing to improved intestinal\nmorphology and barrier function, as well as inhibition of oxidative stress....
A ten-year food preference database (2007-2017) was used to relate food selection in dogs\nto the nutritional components of diets by doing a principal component analysis (PCA) and a linear\nregression between components obtained and dogsâ?? preferences. Intake and preference of preferred\ndiets were analyzed by dogsâ?? sex, breed, age, body weight, and the season of the year (hot or cold).\nThe fourth component after PCA presented a relation with food preferences (OR = -2.699, p = 0.026),\nshowing negative correlations with crude fiber (rho = -0.196; P = 0.038) and dry matter (rho = -0.184;\np = 0.049). Weight (OR = -1.35; p < 0.001), breed, both Boxer (OR = 10.62; p = 0.003) and Labrador\nRetriever (OR = 26.30; p < 0.001), and season (hot season) (OR = -5.27; p < 0.001) all influenced\nanimalsâ?? intake. Boxers presented a lower food preference compared to the other breeds (OR = -44.3;\np < 0.001), while animalsâ?? weight influenced preferences only in Boxers (OR = 2.02; p < 0.001). Finally,\nage and sex did not affect dogsâ?? preference or intake of preferred diets. Thus dry matter and fiber\ncontent have a negative impact on dogsâ?? food choices. Dogsâ?? weight, breed, and season affected food\nintake, but only breed affected dogsâ?? preferences, which is probably explained by adaptive changes\nin the detection, metabolization, and learning of nutritive food cues....
Tumor biomarkers are developed to indicate tumor status, clinical outcome, or prognosis. Since currently there are no effective\nbiomarkers for caninemammary tumor (CMT), this study intended to verify whether kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), one\nof the key enzymes involved in tryptophan catabolism, is competent for predicting prognosis in patients with CMT. By investigating\na series of 86 CMT clinical cases, we found that both gene and protein expression of KMO discriminated malignant from benign\nCMTs and was significantly higher in stage IV and V tumors than in lower-stage CMTs. About 73.7% of malignant CMTs showed\nstrong expression of KMO which correlated with lower overall survival rates in patients. Further, downregulation of KMO activity\nsignificantly inhibited cell proliferation of CMT cells. Taken together, the findings indicated that KMO is a potential biomarker for\ntumor diagnosis, and this might open up new perspectives for clinical applications of CMT....
Background: Sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) is an enzyme that converts pro-apoptotic ceramide and sphingosine\ninto anti-apoptotic sphingosine-1-phosphate. There is growing evidence that SPHK1 activation promotes oncogenic\ntransformation, tumor growth, chemotherapy resistance, and metastatic spread. High SPHK1 expression has been\nassociated with a poor prognosis in several human cancers.\nResults: In the present study, the expression level of SPHK1 was examined in feline mammary tumor (FMT)\nspecimens, and the IHC expression level of SPHK1 was associated with the histological grade of FMTs. IHC\nanalysis of 88 FMT cases revealed that the expression level of SPHK1 was upregulated in 53 tumor tissues\n(60.2%) compared to adjacent mammary tissues. SPHK1 expression in FMTs was significantly associated with\nhistological grade, presence of lymphovascular invasion, and estrogen receptor negativity. Treatment of\nprimary FMT cells with SPHK1 inhibitors reduced cell viability, indicating that SPHK1 acts to promote FMT\ncell survival. These results indicate that SPHK1 may play an important role in FMTs and may be a therapeutic\ntarget in cats with FMT.\nConclusions: SPHK1 over-expression in breast cancer tissues is associated with a poor prognosis in humans.\nSPHK1 over-expression in more aggressive FMTs provides support for a potential role of SPHK1 inhibitors for\nthe treatment of FMTs. Targeting SPHK1 has potent cytotoxic effects in primary FMT cells. These findings\nsuggest that further examination of the role SPHK1 plays in FMTs will pave the way for the investigation of\nSPHK1 inhibitors in future clinical applications....
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